Is it a weed? A weed may be defined as any plant growing in the wrong place. Some folks even think a plant that is not native is a weed, but with that mind set, even the coconut palm is not native and could be considered a weed. Perhaps an even better definition is “a weed is a plant for which we haven’t found value.”
Weeds are really pioneer species taking advantage of vacuums left in the environment after fires, storms or human activities like land clearing. Just like there is no such thing as a bad child only bad behavior, there is no such thing as a bad plant. There is bad management and the spread of Phenax is a great example. Phenax is a Central American plant relatively new to our island and easy to miss, especially the young seedlings. It looks a lot like our native mamaki to which it is related. When first identified along Kaloko Drive in Kona, there was an attempt to eradicate plants by spot herbicide applications. Unfortunately where large plants were sprayed and killed, it left open ground where scores more sprouted.
When we create a vacuum by spraying herbicide or clearing our forests for example, we make conditions ideal for pioneer species to take hold.
Naupaka is a good example of a native Hawaiian coastal plant found throughout tropical Pacific islands that valuable for stabilizing sands along the beaches. We commonly use it in our landscapes. Introduced to Florida as a landscape plant, it has naturalized along the coast and does stabilize beach sands, but because it is not native, it is called an invasive specie. Perhaps a less negative word to describe what we call weeds would be pioneer species trying to heal the wounds created by man or natural events like lava flows and hurricanes.
What we call weeds in lawns are usually the result of poor management. Lawns injured by insects, fungus, or nematodes will readily become infested with pioneer species. Improper mowing, watering, and fertilization will lead to a lawn with which we are not happy. So, don’t blame what we call weeds for a poor lawn. They are often just a symptom of improper maintenance practices. Most folks don’t want Dandelions in their lawn, but Dandelion leaves make a great addition to salads or cooked as greens.
When it comes to turf, high quality cuttings or seed, properly established is important. Soil that is not infested with unwanted perennial plants like Wainaku grass or nut sedge is also a basis for preventing problems in a new lawn. After that, proper management practices that result in a dense, vigorous turf will aid in preventing problems. Once those unwanted pioneers get established in lawns, it is difficult to get control. If you ultimately decide you must use an herbicide, then here are some things to consider.
Product availability is changing so fast with the pesticide concerns that it is difficult to make general recommendations. Check with your local garden shop or call the Master Gardener Helpline for specific problems.
Just like the three “R’s” of learning, we find some very important “R’s” related to the application of herbicides. These “R’s” are to the RIGHT material, at the RIGHT time, in the RIGHT amount, applied in the RIGHT way. Understanding all the instructions of an herbicide label to be sure it will control your specific problem without injuring your plants is as vital as using the right amounts. Safety margins may be smaller than you think. To apply pesticides in the right way, you must choose equipment that will give proper coverage. Spray jars that attach to your garden hose are good where you need to apply nutritional sprays, fungicides or insecticides to the lawn. However, with herbicides, it’s a better idea to use a small 2-3 gallon tank sprayer. A tank sprayer is vital since hose attachments are not accurate enough.
If you end up having to pull unwanted species by hand, smile. Let’s take a positive approach to “weeds”. Did you know that many of those seemingly pesky fellows are actually edible or medicinal?
Plants we often consider as weeds are usually types that appear wherever we have disturbed the soil. They grow rapidly and often compete with more desirable species. They mature large quantities of seed, and they are often difficult to control. Weeds are often described as undesired plants, plants growing out of place, or plants that are considered a nuisance. Both the characteristics and the definitions of weed emphasize that they are plants closely related to man. They come and go as man disturbs the soil. Just as man has traveled and dominated the land, so have these species benefited from his activities.
Because of their origin so close to the activities of man, many plants we call weeds have been discovered to be edible or medicinal, and indeed may be used as beneficial herbs throughout the world.
So when you go out to pull what we call weeds, it’s easier if you know they could be for dinner or to help heal a cut or settle an upset stomach.
There are more than a hundred edible plants referred to weeds. If you are interested in these and other useful plants, check at the local library or do a computer search for Edible Leaves of the Tropics by Franklin Martin and Ruth M. Ruberte—Mayaguez Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 70, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 00708.
And again don’t forget, that when we refer to plants as weeds, we have automatically labeled them as being worthless. Better we call them a kinder more neutral term like “pioneer species”! That way we can contemplate the concept that everything and perhaps everyone has value.
Norman Bezona is professor emeritus, University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.
